Dominic O’Sullivan
Charles Sturt University
Dominic is a Professor of political science at Charles Sturt University and Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences at the Auckland University of Technology.
The recent controversy over a decision by the Tauranga City Council to establish a Maori ward reminds us that arguments about Maori political representation are nothing new.
In this latest case, the Hobson’s Pledge lobby group helped organise a petition to overturn the council decision. It would have created an electoral district (or ward) where only those on the Maori parliamentary electoral roll could vote for the representatives.
By the end of January the petition had achieved enough support to force a referendum under rules set out in the Local Government Act 2002.
These rules allow councils to create new wards. But when these new wards are for voters on the Maori parliamentary electoral roll, citizens can petition the council to have the decision overturned by referendum.
Council decisions can’t be overturned like this in any other circumstances. Minister of Local Government Nanaia Mahuta called it “fundamentally unfair”.
As Waitangi Day on February 6 approached, Mahuta announced proposed law changes that would remove the process for overturning such decisions and therefore make guaranteed Maori representation more likely. This would bring councils into line with central government where Maori seats in parliament have given Maori a distinctive political voice since 1867.
Room for Maori to Be Maori
Hobson’s Pledge takes its name from New Zealand’s first governor, William Hobson, who signed the Treaty of Waitangi on behalf of the crown. After signing, Hobson greeted each of the chiefs with the words “he iwi tahi tatau”.
Hobson’s Pledge translates this phrase as “we are one people”, to support the argument that New Zealand should be a politically homogeneous state. It shouldn’t separate “ratepayers into ‘Maori’ and the ‘rest of us’”. Unity is the product of sameness.
However, political homegeneity inevitably also means cultural homogeneity. There would be no room for Maori to be Maori.
While the treaty doesn’t specify distinctive representation, it does help give effect to the rights and privileges of citizenship the agreement promised.
In turn, this helps Maori ensure council decisions uphold the rights of rangatiratanga — the Maori right to authority over their own affairs — that the treaty also promised.
Since 2002, 24 councils have voted to establish Maori wards but referendums have overturned many of those decisions. At the next local government elections in 2022 there will (so far) be nine councils that elect members from Maori wards.
In the absence of Maori wards, Maori citizens vote as part of the general population. But their distinctive concerns are often obscured and subsumed by those of the non-Maori majority.
The Tyranny of the Majority
The arguments for and against distinctive Maori representation are well rehearsed. On the one hand, “one person, one vote of equal value” demands that political rights be expressed in identical fashion.
Equality doesn’t allow for difference. It doesn’t matter if other voters’ racism stops Maori being elected, or if other voters just don’t share culturally framed Maori views of what councils should achieve. Democracy requires the “tyranny of the majority” to prevail.
On the other hand, democracy developed precisely because people bring different values and perspectives to public life. Culture and colonial experiences influence people’s aspirations. They influence what people expect politics to achieve.
Democracy’s potential is to mediate, not to suppress these different perspectives. All people should be able to say they have had fair opportunities to influence the society in which they live. In this sense, democracy’s potential is to assure each person a voice rather than just a vote of equal value.
As my book Sharing the Sovereign: Indigenous Peoples, Recognition, Treaties and the State argues, substantive political voice is a right of self-determination. It means all people have a share in the political authority of the state, which helps democracy work better for everybody.
A Worldwide Movement
Self-determination is a political right that belongs to all people, not just to ethnic majorities or to the descendants of settler populations. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which John Key’s government accepted as aspirationally significant, defines it like this:
Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State.
Indigenous peoples’ active participation in public life is also a matter of important public debate in Australia and Canada.
In Australia, successive public opinion polls have supported an Indigenous aspiration for a constitutionally entrenched elected body to act as a “voice to parliament”. In British Columbia, the UNDRIP is required to be implemented by law.
Each case has lessons for New Zealand, just as the New Zealand experience is informing debates overseas — especially in Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory where treaty negotiations are beginning.
The Right to a Political Voice
New Zealand is not an international outlier in saying it wants to strengthen Indigenous participation in public life. However, nobody participates as an abstract being devoid of culture and uninfluenced by political experiences like colonialism.
The Treaty of Waitangi and the UNDRIP imagine non-colonial societies. That requires a substantive political voice, not through other people’s tolerance, but as a matter of right.
Democracy is strengthened if Maori candidates for public office can present themselves to Maori voters and be evaluated by Maori voters, in ways that make cultural sense and are responsive to the particular circumstances of prior occupancy, colonisation and culture.
There is still the question of whether distinctive representation should be a right of all Maori who want it, or just those who descend from the particular local government region (mana whenua). Also, should the choice to vote on the Maori parliamentary electoral roll automatically constitute a choice to vote on a Maori local government roll?
But from now on these points can be debated with the knowledge it won’t be possible for non-Maori voters to decide Maori can’t have a distinctive voice.
Dominic O’Sullivan, Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, and Associate Professor of Political Science, Charles Sturt University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
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